Renal

This case covers abdominal trauma and internal organ injury.

This case covers intraperitoneal vs retroperitoneal organs and discusses the anatomy relevant to hemorrhage in the abdomen.

This case covers renal artery stenosis pathophysiology and reviews the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis.

This case covers how to use volume-osmolarity (Darrow-Yannet) diagrams to understand changes in body fluid status.

This case covers the pathophysiology of adrenal tumors and the effects on renal physiology.

This case covers pre-renal vs intrinsic renal vs post-renal causes of acute kidney injury.

This case covers renal cancer and the pathophysiology of associated paraneoplastic syndromes.

This case covers the composition, causes, imaging characteristics, and crystal shapes of kidney stones.

This case covers the mechanism of action and adverse effects of each class of diuretics.

This case covers the impact of diuretics on heart failure pathophysiology.